Formulas for Design of Rubble Mound Breakwaters

The design of rubble mound breakwaters is a complex process that requires careful consideration of various factors, including wave behavior, water flow, and structural integrity. One critical aspect of this design is the evaluation of random wave overtopping, which can have significant consequences on the overall stability of the breakwater.

To address this challenge, researchers have developed numerical models that simulate the interaction between waves and rubble mound breakwaters with artificial armor blocks. A recent study by Iardina et al. demonstrated the effectiveness of such a model in evaluating random wave overtopping rates for different types of armor units.

The proposed model uses a combination of volume-averaged Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and seepage equations to describe the percolation process within the core and underlayer of the breakwater. The model also takes into account the nonlinear terms that affect the flow behavior in these areas.

To ensure accurate results, a grids independence analysis was conducted, which revealed that a horizontal grid size equivalent to one-fifteenth of the mean nominal diameter D50 of the armor units and a vertical grid size equivalent to one-fifteenth of the wave height are recommended.

The model also uses computational grids to depict the real geometries of the armor units, allowing for a more realistic simulation of the interaction between waves and rubble mound breakwaters. The study's results show good agreement between simulated and measured overtopping discharge rates, demonstrating the potential of this model for design applications.

In conclusion, the proposed numerical model offers a powerful tool for evaluating random wave overtopping in the design of rubble mound breakwaters with artificial armor blocks. By taking into account the complex interactions between waves, water flow, and structural integrity, this model can help designers create more effective and sustainable breakwater structures that can withstand the forces of nature.

Formulas for design of rubble mound breakwaters